Impact of Sarvangasana and Uttanpadasana on Hemodynamic parameters
Sumera Salomi1, Pentakota Kiranmayi2*, Vasundhara Pentakota3, Payala Vijayalakshmi4
1Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
3Department of Anaesthesia, Community Health Center, Bheemunipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
4Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: studyyoga4@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Many people in these days associate yoga solely with asanas, or relaxing means of exercise, however, asana is only one of many techniques used to heal an individual; only three of the 196 sutras mention asana, and the rest of the text mentions other aspects of yoga such as mindful breathing, meditation, lifestyle and diet changes, visualization, and the use of sound, among others. In the present study we looked into the impact of two different asanas Sarvangasana and Uttanpadasana on hemodynamic parameters in non-obese individuals. It's a comparison analysis of two different types of asanas to see how yoga affects vital signs including blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate. The subject rested in a supine position on the tilt table for 10 to 15 minutes on the days of the experiment (before and after SVGN) until the blood pressure and pulse rate were steady. Before performing each asana (Rest), the participants were measured for vital signs such as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate (PR), as well as at 1Min, 2Min, in asana and 5min after completing the asana (Rest). In the supine position, at the right upper limb, the pulse rate (PR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured using an LED blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM-7130). Three measurements were taken at 1 Min, 2 Min during asana and 5min after asana, the sum of the three values was determined. In the present study, out of 33 participants performing SVGN, 19(57.7%) were female and 14(42.4%) were male with the mean age group of 37.3 years. Among 17 participants performing UNPN, 7(41.1%) were female and 10 (58.8%) were male with the mean age group 29.9 years. By applying Pearson correlation analysis to these hemodynamic parameters SBP, DBP and PR before and after performing SVGN asana in 33 individuals, the results showed all these three parameters were significantly affected (p<0.05) by sarvangasana. Similarly, through Pearson correlation analysis to the blood parameters SBP, DBP and PR before and after performing UNPN in 17 individuals, the results showed all these three parameters were significantly affected (p<0.05) by uttanpadasana. Yoga's convergence with modern medicine in resource-strapped public health systems may be critical in providing us with comprehensive health care. Economic considerations should be included in future studies, as yoga plays an important role in Primordial prevention. It is necessary to examine the cost-effectiveness of treating lifestyle-related diseases with and without yoga versus medication alone.
KEYWORDS: Sarvangasana, Uttanpadasana, Yoga, Blood pressure, Pulse rate.
INTRODUCTION:
Yoga induces a physiological state that is the polar opposite of the flight-or-fight stress response, and this disruption in the stress response allows for a sense of equilibrium and union between the mind and body.2 Stress is linked to the etiology of heart disease, cancer, and stroke, as well as other chronic conditions and diseases, according to research.3 Yogic practices increase muscle strength and endurance, improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, aid in addiction rehabilitation and treatment, relieve stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep habits, and improve overall well-being and quality of life.4-9 Yoga is one such alternative healthcare practice that has been shown to help reduce blood pressure.10-12 Yoga is increasingly being recommended by American health care professionals as a holistic way to improve health, which is particularly important to the issue of blood pressure control. Blood pressure management is one of the most researched of the many benefits attributed to yoga practice. Although several reports have been published on the possible benefits of yoga for lowering blood pressure and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, the majority have reported that the studies' consistency is generally poor.1318 Sarvangasana (SVGN) is a head-down body-up (HDBU) pose in which the subject lifts his trunk and leg straight above his head while supporting his body weight on his spine, shoulder, and arm muscles (Figure 1). This asana is said to be one of the best three of the many asanas mentioned, and it has been used in conjunction with other asanas to treat a variety of ailments, including hypertension. 19 Selvamurthy et al. (1998)20 recently registered a substantial reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive patients after three weeks of performing nine sets of eight asanas, one of which was SVGN. Given the apparent hemodynamic and other disturbances caused by the upside-down pose assumed in SVGN, even a normal person may be unsure about the advisability of performing this asana. There is no information about the fluctuations in arterial blood pressure or other cardiovascular variables during asana. Uttana means "raised" and Pada means "leg" in Sanskrit. Since the legs are raised in this asana, it is called Uttanpadasana (UNPN) (Figure 2). This is a traditional posture. It can be done with one leg raised at a time or both legs raised at the same time. It helps with constipation, indigestion, nervous exhaustion, and diabetes. It balances the navel centre and strengthens the abdominal muscles (nabhimandal). According to numerous reports, daily practice of Uttanpadasana improves bowel movement and aids in the removal of waste from the body, which is also beneficial in preventing various stomach-related issues such as acidity, indigestion, and constipation. As a result, this asana is highly recommended for those who suffer from indigestion. Various studies have shown that daily practice of Uttanpadasana will help to boost blood flow while we are lying down on the floor, which puts less pressure on our cardiovascular system, allowing blood flow to increase and become easier. As a result, in this study we wanted to look into the impact of two different asanas SVGN and UNPN on hemodynamic parameters during asana.
Subjects:
In this study, 40 balanced volunteers of both sexes in the age group of 18 to 65 years old who were involved in yoga were chosen. The research took place for six months, from June 2020 to December 2020. According to asanas, they were divided into two groups. The first group of 17 people did uttanpadasana, while the second group of 33 people did sarvangasana. All of the participants were informed about the study's requirements. Many of the participants decided to participate in the assessment and training programmes on their own volition.
1. No previous experience in Yoga.
2. In patients - Controlled hypertension and non-obese.
1. Serious chronic diseases, such as severe hypertension and insulin-dependent diabetes.
2. Any ailment that causes discomfort, such as arthritis
3. Any history of major surgery
Informed written consent was taken from all the participants.
This study was approved by the ethical committee of GITAM institute of Medical sciences and Research, Visakhapatnam.
It's a comparison analysis of two different types of asanas to see how yoga affects vital signs including blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate. The subject rested in a supine position on the tilt table for 10 to 15 minutes on the days of the experiment (before and after SVGN) until his blood pressure and pulse rate were steady. Before performing each asana (Rest), the participants were measured for vital signs such as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate (PR), as well as at 1Min, 2Min, and after completing the asana (Rest). In the supine position, at the right upper limb, the pulse rate (PR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured using an LED blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM-7130). Three measurements were taken at assigned intervals, and the sum of the three values was determined.
1. Lie down on your stomach or in the supine position.
2. Raise the legs slowly upward to a 90-degree angle.
3. Raise the buttocks to get the legs up to the shoulders.
4. Raise the legs and try to form a straight line with the abdomen and chest.
5. Place the palms on your back for support.
1. Lie flat on your back and breathe normally, as seen in the pictureabove.
2. Place your hand on either side of your body with your palms facing down.
3. Slowly inhale and raise the legs 4560 degrees off theground.
4. Hold this position for a few seconds (15-20 seconds) to feel the pressure in your lower abs.
5. Breathing out relaxes your posture by lowering your legs, i.e. (Starting position)
6. Do this three or four times a day.
STATASTICA 24.0 was used to perform statistical analysis on the data. The data was displayed in a tabular format. The study population's demographic characteristics were defined using univariate analysis. The significance between the two groups performing two separate asanas was determined. SVGN and UNPN will be determined using an on-way ANOVA analysis. The relationship between all of the multiple variables was determined using Pearson's correlation, with p-values less than 0.05 considered significant.
In the present study, out of 33 participants performing SVGN, 19 (57.7%) were female and 14 (42.4%) were male with the mean age group 37.3 years. Among 17 participants performing UNPN, 7 (41.1%) were female and 10 (58.8%) were male with the mean age group 29.9 years. From the results Table 1 and Table 2, it was interpreted that, when the age a independent demographic variable, we compared the parameters like SBP, DBP and PR at rest, 1min in asana, 2 min in asana and 5min after asana by performing one-way ANOVA analysis it was found that the age factor was independent and insignificantly (p > 0.05) affected by both the asanas SVGN and UNPN. By applying Pearson correlation analysis to these parameters SBP, DBP and PR before and after performing SVGN asana in 33 individuals, the results showed PR before performing asana were significantly affected in the study population (p=0.04) by sarvangasana and on the other hand SBP at all study time intervals were significantly affected in the study population. There is mean raise of 30 ±1.5 mm of Hg SBP at 1min, 32± 1.5 mm of Hg at 2 min after coming into SVGN asana when compared to rest. In DBP there is mean raise of 15±1.18 mm of Hg at 1min and 17±2.75 at 2min after coming into asana when compared to rest (Table 1). Similarly, through Pearson correlation analysis to these parameters SBP, DBP and PR before and after performing UNPN asana in 17 individuals, the results showed that there is mean raise of 5±2.23 mm of Hg SBP at 1min , 6±2.88 mm of Hg at 2 min after coming into uttanpadasana when compare with the rest(Table 2).
Table 1: One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation comparative analysis before performing asana (R), at 1M, 2M and after performing asana (R) with relation to SBP, DBP, PR during SVGN posture
|
|
One-way ANOVA |
Pearson analysis |
|||
|
Haemodynamic parameter |
Mean |
F |
Significance (P<0.05) |
Pearson correlation coefficient |
Significance (2-tailed) |
|
SBP Before Asana (R) |
125.09 |
1.234 |
0.369 |
0.444 |
0.74 |
|
DBP Before Asana (R) |
80.15 |
1.152 |
0.418 |
-0.164 |
0.528 |
|
PR Before Asana (R) |
79.12 |
1.768 |
0.165 |
-0.496* |
0.043 |
|
SBP (1M) |
156.758 |
0.768 |
0.711 |
0.0704** |
0.002 |
|
DBP (1M) |
95.181 |
1.145 |
0.423 |
-0.056 |
0.832 |
|
PR (1M) |
107.182 |
1.946 |
0.127 |
0.74 |
0.77 |
|
SBP (2M) |
158.121 |
1.938 |
0.129 |
0.575** |
0.016 |
|
DBP (2M) |
99.757 |
0.604 |
0.846 |
-0.132 |
0.612 |
|
PR (2M) |
109.758 |
1.915 |
0.133 |
0.019 |
0.943 |
|
SBP After Asana (R) |
122.016 |
0.870 |
0.624 |
0.566** |
0.018 |
|
DBP After Asana (R) |
74.818 |
0.839 |
0.650 |
-0.075 |
0.776 |
|
PR After Asana (R) |
86.72 |
0.960 |
0.552 |
-0.044 |
0.865 |
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2: One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation comparative analysis before performing asana (R), at 1M, 2M and after performing asana (R) with relation to SBP, DBP, PR during UNPN posture
|
|
Mean |
One-way ANOVA |
Pearson analysis |
||
|
Haemodynamic parameter |
|
F |
Significance (P<0.05) |
Pearson correlation coefficient |
Significance (2-tailed) |
|
SBP Before Asana (R) |
127.71 |
3.403 |
0.124 |
0.494** |
0.004 |
|
DBP Before Asana (R) |
79 |
3.083 |
0.144 |
0.038 |
0.834 |
|
PR Before Asana (R) |
76.765 |
2.407 |
0.206 |
0.078 |
0.667 |
|
SBP (1M) |
133.94 |
2.012 |
0.262 |
0.341* |
0.05 |
|
DBP (1M) |
84 |
1.758 |
0.310 |
0.140 |
0.438 |
|
PR (1M) |
91.529 |
0.742 |
0.691 |
0.222 |
0.215 |
|
SBP (2M) |
136.59 |
0.890 |
0.609 |
0.291** |
0.01 |
|
DBP (2M) |
88 |
0.714 |
0.708 |
-0.032 |
0.858 |
|
PR (2M) |
94.118 |
0.709 |
0.711 |
-0.148 |
0.412 |
|
SBP After Asana (R) |
132.65 |
0.350 |
0.929 |
0.510** |
0.03 |
|
DBP After Asana (R) |
85 |
1.546 |
0.360 |
0.036 |
0.844 |
|
PR After Asana (R) |
88.88 |
4.849 |
0.070 |
-0.049 |
0.786 |
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
SBP was significantly and strongly correlated during SVGN and UNPN in the present study. The PR shows mean raise of 30 beats per minute at 2 min after coming into SVGN, where as in UNPN there is a mean raise of 18 beats per minute at 2min after coming into asana when compared to rest. There is mean fall of 2±1.03mm of Hg SBP and DBP of 3±2.34mm of Hg after SVGN when compared to the rest position before asana. But in UNPN there is no significant change in BP before and after asana. Standard deviation of mean increase in the Systolic BP and Diastolic BP during SVGN and standard deviation of mean increase in the Systolic BP and Diastolic BP during UNPN (Table 1 and Table 2). As there is a mean rise in BP levels of 20mm of Hg during sarvangasana compared to UNPN, this asana is contradictory in hypertensive patients.
DISCUSSION:
Much of the early research on yoga asana practice's physiological effects identified transcendental control of involuntary basal functions including heart rate, blood pressure, and other autonomic functions21-25. A study, reviewed by Thayer (2009) over the last thirty years confirms the empirical evidence suggesting that long-term yoga practice promotes health and well-being. Certain yoga poses can be contraindicated for hypertensive people, according to the Iyengar tradition. The current research adds to this understanding by stressing the significance of postural alignment in blood pressure responses during asana practice, awareness of blood pressure responses during asana practice is particularly important for the estimated 5.3 million yoga practitioners who are perimenopausal or postmenopausal women26. SVGN is distinct in that it stimulates both low-pressure cardiopulmonary receptors and arterial high-pressure baroreceptors at the same time. In SVGN, however, the sympathetic inhibition is followed by some sympathetic relaxation, which is triggered by the isometric contraction of the upper limb and neck muscles to support the body. In deciding the net effect of SVGN on body function, the interaction of these two factors must play a role. Physical, mental, and cognitive behaviors all affect PR in healthy humans. There was a statistically significant increase in average PR during asana and a decrease in average PR during resting stage in subjects in this sample. This was consistent with previous research (Physical exercise is well known for reducing blood pressure. In our sample, 50% of people experienced a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after doing yoga, which was consistent with previous research27. Physical exercise is well known for reducing blood pressure. In our sample, 50% of people experienced a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after doing yoga, which was consistent with previous research.28 This could be because some of the participants did not practice yoga on a regular basis. Reduced heart rate and blood pressure suggest a change in the autonomic nervous system's balancing components toward parasympathetic operation29-32. In SVGN because of the lifting of the trunk and legs above the head there will be pooling of the blood in the head and neck region resulting in the raise of Blood pressure which stimulate the baroreceptors (carotid and aortic receptors) activating the reflexes to lower the raised Blood pressure to normal. This conditioning effect of yoga, which is mediated via the limbic system and higher areas of the central nervous system, may have caused this regulation of autonomic nervous system function, which is evident in our study by the mean fall of 2±1.03mm of Hg SBP and DBP of 3±2.34mm of Hg after SVGN when compared to the rest position before asana. Thus Yoga practice improves baroreflex sensitivity and lowers sympathetic tone, allowing patients with critical hypertension to return to a normal blood pressure level33-36. Thus yoga plays an important role in primordial prevention that is prevention of the development of risk factors in the first place with lifestyle only.
LIMITATIONS:
Our research had some drawbacks, including a small sample size, a lack of control groups, and a limited length. Furthermore, by concentrating on specific factors for consideration as effects, other potential yoga benefits were overlooked. Longitudinal study on this easy and successful intervention over a longer period of time, with a larger sample size and control arms, is needed to confirm the findings.
CONCLUSION:
Yoga has been shown to be beneficial to one's wellbeing. Yoga's convergence with modern medicine in resource-strapped public health systems may be critical in providing us with comprehensive health care. The Baroreceptor massage which occurs during the SVGN mainly and to lesser extent in UNPN plays an important role in Primordial prevention. Due to more raise in the Blood pressure during SVGN, this asana is not recommended in Hypertensives, instead UNPN is advised in Individuals with Fluctuating Blood pressures. Economic considerations should be included in future studies. It is necessary to examine the cost-effectiveness of treating lifestyle-related diseases with and without yoga versus medication alone.
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Received on 29.05.2021 Modified on 03.08.2021
Accepted on 13.09.2021 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2022; 15(7):3029-3033.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00506